Crassus, For-Profit Fire-Chief or Speculative Property Developer?

So I’m teaching the six day fire of Rome in the reign of Nero in 4 hours.  I thought I’d mug up a bit on the history of fire-fighting at Rome so that I could answer questions and contextualize (and anyway I like the republic best so often end up looking backwards in my Empire course).

Everyone KNOWS that Crassus is where the history of fire fighting starts in Rome.  (I thought) I knew this too this morning when I went to check references.

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I teach from primary sources so I needed a reference.

Plutarch, Life of Crassus 2.4 reads:

…observing how natural and familiar at Rome were such fatalities as the conflagration and collapse of buildings, owing to their being too massive and close together, he proceeded to buy slaves who were architects and builders. Then, when he had over five hundred of these, he would buy houses that were afire, and houses which adjoined those that were afire, and these their owners would let go at a trifling price owing to their fear and uncertainty. In this way the largest part of Rome came into his possession. But though he owned so many artisans, he built no house for himself other than the one in which he lived; indeed, he used to say that men who were fond of building were their own undoers, and needed no other foes.

Frier, Bruce W. “The Social Institutions of the Roman Rental Market.” In Landlords and Tenants in Imperial Rome, 21-47, quoting from p. 33-34. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980. doi:10.2307/j.ctt7ztrw9.8.

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So where the heck did Crassus the fire fighter come from in our historical “truths” ?! Once I figure it out I’ll let you know. …

Okay, now just one hour to class time but I chased down another reference, but it still doesn’t actually suggest Crassus did this for profit, but rather self protection like many private house holders (Juvenal 14):

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AND when you combine this with the statement in Justinian’s Digest (1.15.1) that there were for profit fire brigades the assumption that Crassus operated one makes more sense, although we don’t really have any direct testimony that he did.

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A very small issue, another die map

RRC 419/2 was probably only struck by between 10-13 obverse dies.  We know 10 of them.

Blue are obverses and green are reverses.  I’ve excluded plated coins (there are 4 or so documented in Schaefer’s archive).

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Line thickness is proportional to specimens known with that link.  This issue was probably made near the same time as RRC  419/1 (see previous posts).  Given the high degree of interconnectedness and the way in which the number of reverse dies so closely match the obverse, I find it easiest to imagine the die engraver being told we we’ll need a dozen pairs of dies for this type and them arriving at the work station(s?) in two boxes.  It looks to me that there must be a die box not just for the reverses but also for the obverses.  Both obverse and reverse dies pair on average with 2.3 different dies.

Messier Die Map

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Same data from yesterday (Schaefer’s archive on 419/1).  I double checked my map against archive again for accuracy.  I found a couple I’d missed in my original transcriptions and corrected them.  Good reminder to always check this kind of work.  I also wanted to see if there were any patterns with the long and short reverse legends. I at first stuck with the traditional ‘sequence’ approach to mapping of my last post.  But things were so criss-crossy It didn’t feel like it made any particular sense.  So I decided to try a free form untangling as it were.

What have I learned?    Some reverse dies were only used with one obverse.  Approximately 40% of reverse dies are used with only one obverse die.  Some 25% of obverse dies have only one reverse.  Approximately 40% of obverse dies pair with 3 or more reverses.  Just over 20% of reverses pair with 3 or more obverses.  Some of the obverses (e.g. 10b) show heavy usage through die flaws.

What does it mean?  It seems likely that a number of dies were created before production started that at most times at least two anvils were in operation and that their was a shared die box for reverse dies.  The pairings and the intensity of usage probably means that certain dies were used with greater consistence but pairings were in no way controlled.

Palm branch is more likely to be paired with a long legend.  Priestly instruments with a short, but exceptions to both tendency are known. I’m agnostic about whether priestly instruments-short legend is the start of the series or the end of it.

Staring at obverse I’m pretty confident that the goddess is Venus Victrix and that means we need to think about the Pompeian angle with the politics of the series as a whole.

 

 

 

 

Die Map RRC 419/1

I’ve been exploring Schaefer’s scanned archive in preparation for my next co-authored article on the dataset and also as a means of quality control checking the scanning and file labelling etc… done by the professional archivist.  A nice student from Sydney wrote me this morning about Auletes and that got me thinking again about RRC 419.  Once I ran the Esty’s stats I realized Schaefer’s coverage was 99% and that he’d identified all obverse and reverse dies for this small part of this smallish issue.  There were also far more shared dies than in most issues I’ve looked closely at (so far).  For instance, most of RRC 330/1 most dies have a single pair with only the vary occasional sharing.   So thinking about RBW and his interest in the organization the mint,  thought I might try to map RRC 419/1.  Tomorrow I am going to go in and color long legend vs. short legend reverse dies and see if any patterns emerge there.  It was a good exercise.  Partly just to get my brain off current events but also to think through the subjective part of such mapping and why I was preferring one visual lay out of the information over another. 

One thing that seems extra clear is that 1a wasn’t really meant to be a separate type or subtype from 1b,.

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How to Franken-Stitch a Mask (esp. for kiddos)

We interrupt our regularly scheduled non-sense on Roman history and coins of all flavors to bring you a how-to that seems to be lacking in a world that is drowning in ‘how-to’s.  My beloved and I have decided the most ethical position is to not leave our front gate unless wearing a mask.  Do I think my kiddos and I will catch Covid-19 from walking around the block?  No.  But habits become habitual through practice.  Correct mask usage is a good public health practice and the more who do so, the more others will be comfortable doing so.  We are wearing masks to ingrain the practice in ourselves and signal to our neighbors that we not think it is weird, threatening or overkill if they do so too.

Problem is that we don’t have kid-sized masks and such small masks aren’t regularly available for purchase.  I tried putting a regular 3 ply disposable adult mask on them with the ear loops knotted to shorten them, but that covered too much and made it too hard to see, and thus really tempting for them to touch the mask.  I tried to do the no-sew CDC official design.   Kept slipping off, they hated how hot it was because of all the layers, and the rubber bands on the ears were also loathsome.  I don’t have a sewing machine.  I don’t have any elastic, but I can sew a button and do have some spare t-shirts.  This is what I came up with.

I have twins so I did this Covid-craft twice.  Bonus: you get to learn from my mistakes!

One content warning: I have the hands of a gardener and the close ups aren’t pretty. 😉

TIME: one hour per mask.

Gather materials:

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Work out how big is too big so one can aim for smaller.  Standard mask is about 7 x 4 inches (roughly 18 x 10 cm.)  Realize that one of the nice things about that store bought mask is the bendy bit at the nose.  Find a pipe cleaner or a bit of wire.

Cut out a bottom rectangle. I cut mine 6 inches by just shy of 4 inches – the long side up the side of the t-shirt, the short side on the heavy bottom edge.  (You can use that sewing needle as a pin to briefly mark the place if you like.)

Open cut piece of cloth and insert pipe-cleaner or wire (if bare wire, consider wrapping it in another layer of t-shirt for padding). Fold ends of wire so they don’t poke your kid’s face.

Now take a deep breath and thread that needle.  I recommend a bright contrast color thread.  Embrace the spirit of franken stitching.  Top tips.  Thread the fresh cut end of the thread–way easier! Double over your thread, because if all you do is sew on buttons and are reading these instructions the thread you have in the house is probably the crappy stuff that comes in those little hotel or drugstore repair kits.  I recommend threading on no more than an arm span of thread.  This makes hand sewing less frustrating, but this is because I find long thread more irritating that re-threading the needle part way threw the task.  Pick your poison.

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Now we start the franken-stitching (what other people call ‘hand sewing’).  You don’t need to knot your thread if you sew over it.   I start by putting the thread next to the pipe cleaner on the inside and then stitch over and around that pipe cleaner.  I like this stitch a lot: it nicely seals the edge and is relatively easy to do without stabbing your fingers.

So now I’ve gotten to the end of my top edge and fold in the cut edges along a short side.

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I’m about out of thread but I turn the corner first and then tie off.  The next few pics are trying to demonstrate an easy secure tie off knot.  Also notice how BIG my franken stitches are.  Big stitches save time and I like to think of them adding drama to the look.  This is also where I’m making my first error.  I should be sewing in a strap.  You’ll see later how I fix that.img_2699

Still tying off.

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pulled tight!

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Here I’m showing you hand position for holding folded over edges together while I make my nice big stitches.  If you want to get the iron out, you can iron these edges flat to make them easier to sew.  I didn’t find that necessary.img_2704

Two sides done.  I should have realized I needed to attach straps by now, but I haven’t!

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Sewed up bottom edge same as top and side edge and when I get to the end I give a few stitches here to not have any flappy bits.  Now I realize I really have to do something about straps.img_2710

This is what I come up with.  Strips of the same t-shirt with seams removed.  You could franken stitch them to remove irregular edges but I’m guessing if you are still reading at this point you are NOT that much of a perfectionist.  (I’m not for sure!)

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Now to cut open earlier stitching to insert straps.img_2714

First finished product.  Notice I didn’t sew that fourth side.  No need to (you could if you want), and it has the advantage of allowing a filter insert if you have an appropriate material (Like a HEPA filter vacuum bag).  I haven’t yet in this photo figured out the best way to tie.  I learn that below and demonstrate how to get a better seal on lower mask edge.

Okay second attempt goes smoother and I realize that I can add straps to pipe cleaner to hold everything in place:

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At this point one kiddo takes my phone to document me:

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Holding pipe cleaner and strap as I get first stitches in:

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I’ve skipped about an inch of stitching on the top this time because I’m lazy like that.  I hide the string inside and then start my over stitching:img_2721

Stitching close up:img_2722

What it looks like on the inside when finish top.  Notice two sides aren’t even length.  No problem.  Easy to even up when you fold edges in.

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One more close up of stitching.

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Final product, second time.  With tying close up.  Tie top strap over ears in bow and then bring bottom strap under ears and tie at same point on head in a second bow.

 

Temple Economies

Reading Helga Di Giuseppe, Black-Gloss Ware in Italy: Production Management and Local Histories (BAR 2012).  Really exciting stuff with potential implications for early heavy bronze find patterns….

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These images got me thinking about the ‘habit’ of signing with an abbreviated name or a name in ligature:

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Praeneste Aes Grave Finds (Historic)

So reading Haeberlin, I think I can pretty safely say that there are two separate hoards(?) with the bull-head/prow semis from Praeneste.  This brings us up to 4 pieces of this type found at the site given those on display at the museum.

So first we have the one reported by Garrucci about which I blogged before.  It contained the bull-head/prow semis and the lion head/ horse head as.  We can call this the pre-1907 Martinetti hoard (when his collection sold).  The Marinetti sales catalogue is digitized.

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Second we have Stettiner pre 1893 Hoard (?) or possible just site finds.  [I cannot find a digitized copy of Sangiorgi’s sales catalogue… yet.]

This contained

  • bull-head/prow semis
  • boar-head/lyre triens [Vecchi 2014: no. 281, other known findspot: Satricum]
  • club/pentagram uncia [Vecchi 2014: no. 306, other known findspot: Pietrabbondante]

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A Pre 1986 Aes Signatum Hoard

As reported in Triton I, lot 754:

“…. This bar, superior in condition to both, is part of a hoard found between Rome and Naples. Of all 8 issues of Aes Signatum, only 31 examples were known, most in museums. This hoard added 6 or 7 more; its contents is as follows:

1) Elephant/Sow, Crawford 9/1 (not yet published) [NB: There was a bar of this type (illustrated) known to Thurlow and Vecchi by 1979 that weighed 1536g.]

2) Anchor/Tripod, Crawford 10/1, 1645 grams (Leu Auktion 42, lot 34)

3) Chickens/Tridents, Crawford 12/1, 1487 grams (Leu Auktion 42, lot 35)

4) Chickens/Tridents, Crawford 12/1, 1650 grams (NAC Sale 9, lot 410)

5) Chickens/Tridents, Crawford 12/1, 1145 grams (Athena Sale 2, lot 247; NAC Sale 5, lot 205) [illustrated as Vecchi 2014 no. 24 on pl. 19]

6) Chickens/Tridents, Crawford 12/1, 1461 grams (this specimen)

7) Unknown issue.

150 Aes Graves were found in this hoard, all Crawford issue 14, many of the Triens. 6 or 7 ingots roughly equalled them in total weight.

This implies that Crawford issue 14 is contemporary with the Aes Signatum.