Post Conference Reflections

Skip to the second half of this post if you just want notes on actual scholarly stuff. Most of this at the top is about the meta-experience of conferencing, but it does contain links to earlier posts on conference papers.

For reasons that are boring and practical and completely unexpected, I’m on a crappy bus without any wifi or electrical plugs winding my way home the long way. No this is not great for my mood. I’m writing to try to cheer myself up and of course as always to consolidate some of my learning and reflect on how to do better next time.

I want to refine my conferencing strategy to meet my relatively well-defined conference goals.

Goals.

Connect people.

Basically, I love ensuring I introduce those at different career stages to one another and myself being introduced to new people and hearing updates on their career and lives from those I’ve met before in these transient academic spaces. This was an especially good year for this, I got to connect both UGs and Grads with a wide range of colleagues at other institutions and at different career stages. The reward was myself feeling like I made great connections with early career Italian scholars all three of whom I think will be important to my work going forward. The other rewarding moments were hearing about how my funding list has been used by both institutions and individuals. I also learned a great deal about how MMUF works on private campuses.

I guess also in this category is where I would put being accessible myself to those who want to connect with me.

Learn about newly excavated evidence.

Later in this post I’ll allow myself to vent about the impossibility of attending everything of value at the SCS/AIA and how this is demoralizing and even toxic for the field. But since one has to choose what to attend in all the concurrent sessions, I put my attention primarily on hearing papers where I will see unpublished archaeological evidence with a primary focus on Italy, ideally pre Augustan Italy. My logic is that here I am most likely to learn something transformative for my own scholarship that I cannot learn from just reading on my own. You might have already deduced this from my earlier conference inspired posts (divination, Capitoline, phalloi, and natal alienation). But not all such papers I attend actually lead to a post. Likewise the evolution of Pompeii I.14 was fascinating from the shifting use of space (is indoor or outdoor space more needed in any given moment? time to dig a new cess pit!) to the impressions found of originally woven reed mats in herring bone pattern with borders. There was also the stunningly good paper by Krupali Krusche on the Temple of Vesta, comparing digital scans to archival drawings (22 columns are now certain! as is a wider opening with engaged columns). Some more notes can be found in the second half of this post.

Learning about new trends in scholarship and the field.

So this should happen in the panels but frankly the best that usually happens is just reading titles of sessions and papers I’d like to hear but conflict with something else I’m going to prioritize because of the previous goal. Instead, the main place I meet this goal is in the book exhibition hall. Yes, it is a great place to bump into people (esp. if the bar isn’t your thing), but really I like to work through the whole hall table by table and photograph each title of interest. You might remember my round up from last year. The photos act as notes as well as a pause before purchase. This year I wanted to attend so many sessions I didn’t give the hall the attention it deserved. I did get Tabolli on Veii at a steal and I’ll drop some images of other books below. There were good conversations with one exhibitor about pricing structures of digital products and another about image permissions.

[This bus is so hot I feel a little faint and my nose is rather offended. Only an hour to go, but my laptop battery won’t last…]

Seeing friends.

I think I’ve prioritized this too much in the past. I know this seems strange, but all of us at the conference have such a range of demands on our time, I am coming to see, especially after this year, that the social can be deeply unsatisfying. I long to have meaningful convos and catch ups and feel connected to my besties in the field and those more senior scholars I consider role models and mentors of a sort. Yet, the venue is only ever a taster or a tease. I’d have to give up all the goals above to meet this one well and even then how can I ask others to prioritize the personal over the professional. This is not a dig at anyone but only a mild wistfulness of those I missed completely and those to whom I did not give my fullest attention. I need a mild mental re calibration of personal expectations. I don’t want to conflate my goal of connecting people with my personal desires for re-connection. And, I need I think more opportunities to see those I care about throughout the year. Luckily this spring holds many such travel commitments.

Serendipity.

I want to be open to unexpected and the spontaneous. This is always my goal in life generally, but especially I do not wish to be rigid in the conference space. This year serendipity connected me with the Low Income and First Gen advocacy group (you can sign up for their mailing list here, website to come). It also led me to reflect on my commitment to reproductive healthcare access and a desire to forthcoming WCC initiatives. These conversations helped me articulate for myself that I want to contribute in fixed one-off gifts of time and talents, but that I’m not in a position to take on standing roles with job descriptions. It helped me feel better about turning down a leadership position.

Strategic Tweaks.

Session attendance planning.

This year I did better about planning my session attendance than in past years and the app helped. BUT I was still doing it partly on the fly and at the conference. In an ideal world I’d do all that planning before arriving, or given that isn’t always possible perhaps next year I should fly in a day early or just arrive much earlier on day one to give myself time to read it all and plan and discern about that plan in light of above goals. I think doing this will help me pace myself and anticipate the rest and personal care necessary in order to keep going for the duration of the conference.

Tend to the body.

The schedule of the AIA/SCS is beyond grueling. The program requires the you chose to forego key professional activities to eat and sleep. Parts of the program start as early as 7 am and official programming goes as late as 10 pm. There is no officially empty slots for any meals. There is not even the crappy coffee and dry pastries as one might expect at other conferences. There is no culture of providing food at drinks parties. And there is a culture of many such back to back receptions, some with v generous open bars, others where a bottle of water is eight dollars. Can we learn nothing from our Italian and Greek colleagues who would never dream of giving you a glass of wine without at minimum salty nibbles?! Even today, airlines still give you a micro packet of wee crackers with your non-alcoholic beverage. Most of us struggle to sleep in a strange bed or to fall asleep without at least a little decompression time. I learned (again) the hard way that I cannot run on empty indefinitely. Two major changes for next year I think. I’m not to be trusted to chose self care when I have a list of professional opportunities in front of me.

1) I will need to be blocking out meal times and pre gaming a strategy of where the food will be sourced. The hotel is often not an option given crazy lines and up-charges. At minimum I need a case of bars and a case of seltzer for my room and maybe even something caffeinated.

2) Discern clearly which goal is being met by various evening ‘receptions’ or even just bar time. Serendipity is great but it is low on the list and one can predict where one might be most likely to have a meaningful interaction.

Packing.

It isn’t over packing to have a variety of outfits and shoes. I found myself refreshing before evening events by showering and changing. It really helped. I want to intentionally pack double in future years. I also want two bags. The backpack is perfect for day time with the laptop and all, but come evening a smaller shoulder bag to make up for a lack of pockets is highly necessary. Both bags will help with having water, bars, and crochet to ready hand. Being able to switch between heels and flats was also great.

[I made it off the bus and into the bosom of family.]


More notes (and photos).

It’s the morning after and I’ve got 20 minutes now before I have to strategize the spring schedule with my dean.

SCU.

Catherine Steel delivered a masterful re evaluation of the senatus consultum ultimum which I may never again refer to as ‘so called’. Caesar gives us the ultimus shorthand in BCiv 1.5.3, but the decree from 121 BCE onwards is recognizable by the use of the phrase: “ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat“. I’m sure she’s going to publish this and when that happens I’ll try to come back and add notes. I also have photos of many of her slides on file. Key questions that emerged were: what does detrimenti imply and is the concern primarily about property damage? Is this decree descriptive of crises rather than proscriptive of specific actions? Why is it used as compared to other crisis actions like the appointment of a dictator? How do we understand 77 BCE use and how does it related to the ambiguous citizenship status of individual in greater Italy in this this period? What differentiates this type of SC from other SCs and what is the evolution of the quasi legal status of SCs any way?

This section had glorious discussion. And I blushed as Cynthia Bannon described Zach Herz, Carlos Noreña and I as a power trio as we praise Steel and engaged in the convo. Yes this is just (no so humble) bragging. But I like to remember these little asides.

Glandes.

Elizabeth Heintges blew me away with her paper on sling bullets. Surely once published this paper will become the definitive citation on the subject. This is another perennial interest on this blog. She used new finds from Spain and a review of literary evidence and the historical corpus of such material to review the communicative functions of such objects and the words upon them. One distinction is bullets that are etched upon after casting (graffiti) vs. those cast with a message. She convinced me that bullets may have been much different that arrows or javelins with messages attached. It also got me thinking a great deal of reuse of such objects. Would a labeled object be less likely to be reused or at least melted and re cast before being slung back? She also drew my attention to the fact that different size bullets existed some quite large as much as 70gms!

Looking for an image she showed led me to this great digital resource on Trajan’s column and images of all scenes in incredible detail. But my republican loyalty makes me love the relief with slingers from Ascoli Piceno more.

Feronia.

My interest in Feronia has been evident on the blog before.

Enslavement.

The panel on Slavery was fabulous. Chance Bonar’s paper started to think about how enslavers construed and constrained and feared the religious knowledge of the enslaved, and how the enslaved utilized this knowledge. Perhaps most striking to me what how different his examples were from those that immediately come to my mind. These are mine: Eunus using religion to unify Sicilian uprisings, enslaved used for the most brutal jobs in animal sacrifice, the baccanalia SC, the worship of the enslavers genii and iunones, the enslaved deaconesses of Pliny’s letters, general concern over foriegn cults. He instead talked about Cato’s agricultural treatises and ambushes of former enslavers by the self liberated at festivals. Lots of potential.

Javal Colman and Dan-el Padilla Peralta challenged assumptions of any growing concern for humane treatement of the enslaved in the later empire (antonine onwards). Instead of seeing legislation as concerned with humanity of enslaved rather the texts can be read as controlling mismanagement of property and how such mismanagement potentially threatens the rights of ‘good’ enslavers to be able to control their own property. Handout on file.

Grateful to Joe Howley for asking a question on Diodorus that led to Muntz crediting my work and the importance of questions of Roman imperialism to ancient perceptions of the consequences of mass enslavement. I got to credit Tristan Husby for helping my thinking on this evolve from 2006 to 2021. (Both my books talk about the theme).

Update: Post inspired by another paper at this panel

Book Fair.

Note image captions.

Divination, mostly Etruscan

Listening to Jean Turfa talk about the logics of Etruscan observations of natural phenomenon. Fascinating stuff. She’s been drawing parallels with much earlier middle eastern texts and practices. One tantalizing example was a Faliscan vessel (perhaps from a Celle tomb, but J. Tabolli suggests perhaps another site) with a horse motif (typical) but where the equid has the teeth of a predator. The object is now in the Penn museum along with extensive archaeological archives and finds. In Middle Eastern tests an anomaly such as this was interpreted as a positive omen predicting the strength of the prince or king. {Wishing I’d photographed that slide}

She emphasizes that certain observations may have been based on really predictive qualities. Flukes attack sheep livers where the Picenza Liver marks the underworld gods. These same parasites then about 3 months later wreck havoc on the human population. The Brontoscopic calendar in February may note the connection between the cycle of mumps in the human community and a disease that fatally strikes birds at the same time. And, she suggests this belt may show Haley’s Comet from 695BCE.

Vulci tomb 42F, Penn Museum

On a lighter note she observed the Bronoscopic calendar has thunder on March 12 predicting the downfall of a great leader and speculated a connection the ides of march! Did the assassins choose the date as propitious for their plans? But hands down this was my favorite calendar extract she shared:

Similar calendars like the Enuma Anu Enil exist in our survivng cuniform tablets.

and TIL that there are models of livers with cuniform texts on them!

searching for these also led me to this fabulous statue fragment of a hand holding a liver:

BM

I also particularly like this sheep detail and the curator’s note on this pitcher.


Now a paper on San Casciano dei Bagni by Mattia Bischeri!! This was so rich and fast and I can barely hold it all in my head.

In the Tiberian age when the pool underwent a major monumentalize the earlier votives were closed in with not only a major deposit of roof tiles but also ritual objects of a fulmen (bronze) and knapped flint (slide photographed)

Latin divinity name: Fons Caldus Etruscan divinity name: Flere Havens; Bilingual inscription

Post Tiberian 9,000 coins, all fresh from the mint (slide photographed with summary of dates) BUT as yet no aes grave or aes rude, but excavation ongoing and may yet emerge.

ex votos showing boys engaged in divination, birds, ball – connected to other similar representations through out Etruria (slide with summary photographed)

new from 2024 campaign ,an orphic statue with orphic tablet, connected to orphic representations on mirrors [other new finds, I snapped a few images–all still under investigation]

two bronze votive anatomical plaque of internal organs, not just one. Slightly different but both deeply

psychoimmunotherapy (sp?) – discussion of anthropological view of medical practices, rituals heal the mental/social origins/effects of disease

WEIGHTS of statues corresponding to bronze monetary system!!! 3-1st cent BCE. Inscriptions even discuss weight [see slide photo]. Coins replace statues as monetary gift to divinity in the post Tiberian period.

HEIGHTS correspond to height mentioned in Pliny as appropriate for statues in the forum!!

Points out how icongraphy in christian art derives from the typology seen in the statues. The open handed praying and. infant Jesus gestures and association with bird and ball.

I’ll try to come back and fill this in later with more…

we can see evidence of translating from different weight and measures


The following are a few items to remind me of Tina Bekkali-Poio.’s paper.

Notes on the Capitoline

Listening to fascinating panel on new excavations on the Capitoline highlighting work especially in collaboration with the DAI in Rome with La Sovrintendenza Capitolina.

They may have found a whole complex of roof tiles from including decorated mold made elements and also post holes potentially associated with wooden equipment used in building (think cranes for lifting blocks). (7th to 3rd BCE is the date of the times)

The tiles seem to have been deposited in a phase of later construction. Perhaps in the post Pydna era when monumentalization takes off in the city. Parallels might be drawn with better understood phases on the Palatine in the sanctuary area of Victory and Magna Mater temples.

There is also clear documentation now of the temple podium that was incorporated/covered by the Prussian hospital.


non-sequitur.

I love the term ‘fiddle drill’!


I asked for clarification of the opening remarks that briefly highlighted of the importance of archival work, specifically comparing older drawings of the hill and Severan map to identify the temple of fides on the Capitoline. Ortwin Dally praised the book of Rousse [sp? – must find reference and link], while also pointing out that the temple is at the foot of the hill, perhaps better associated with the sanctuary area of San Omobono. He wondered how we disentangle the surviving fragments to confirm they really come from a single temple rather than multiple structures. He also pointed to the literary testimony, particularly Livy. Fides was attested to be one of the earliest temples, before Ops and Mens. Livy also discusses the removal of statues. Yet matching names of temples attested literature as ‘on the Capitoline” to archaeological structures remains difficult. On avenue for future exploration is the attested finds of military diplomas found on Capitoline [I must learn more on these!].



I did not hear the whole paper on the roof tiles to catch Carbone and Sharpless speaking on archaeological finds of coins at the villa of Hadrian. They did such an amazing job. I hate these parallel sessions and dashing between different panels to catch individual papers, but this is how we conference….

Natal Alienation, nullified?!

Listening to Max Meyer (Brown) talk about the trees at Aphrodisias and of course Zoilos got a shout out. Listening to a brief summary of his career, I immediately thought about Orlando Patterson’s concepts of enslavement and the key role of natal alienation. I often teach manumission in the Roman context as perpetuating natal alienation by perpetuating the enslaved person’s structure in the Roman familia. I often teach this through naming customs.

BUT Zoilos managed to use his manumission to in fact elevate his status in his community of origin and seems to have retained his original name at least in part. An exception that proves the rule… I want to think more.

For context.


non sequitur.

The trees discussed were date palms. Speaker connected to Ishtar, fertility, and economic display of imported plants needing special call. No particular mention of date palm association with Phoenicia. I am thinking also of Nicolaus of Damascus being the name-sake of Augustus’ favorite dates. It also provides a great precedent for the trees of the Flavian templum pacis and might just possibly take some influence from the plantings in the theatre of Pompey at Rome. I wonder about other precedents.

Phalloi at the Fire

Listening to a stunningly good paper by Abigail Straub (UMich) on her work on Pompeii Bakeries and their religious protections. (Well worth making it to this 8am session and even skipping a coin session — I feel guilty about the latter!)

The points I want remember are the representations of Vesta with donkeys, the Vestalia, but most importantly the placing images of phalloi at the hearth/oven mouth. This made me think immediately of one of the narratives of Servius Tullius’ conception:

They say that from the hearth in the palace, on which the Romans offer various other sacrifices and also consecrate the first portion of their meals, there rose up above the fire a man’s privy member, and that Ocrisia was the first to see it as she was carrying the customary cakes to the fire, and immediately informed the king and queen of it. Tarquinius, they add, upon hearing this and left beholding the prodigy, was astonished; but Tanaquil, who was not only wise in other matters but also inferior to none of the Tyrrhenians in her knowledge of divination, told him it was ordained by fate that from the royal hearth should issue a scion superior to the race of mortals, to be born of the woman who should conceive by that phantom. (Dion. Hal. RA 4.2.1-2)

Can’t wait to see Straub’s final dissertation. A real shame this paper was scheduled at exactly the same time as Sinead Brennan-McMahon (Stanford), “Queer Spaces in Pompeii? Phallic Aesthetics and Shared Communities”. I’d have loved to seen both and be able to think about how the two papers might be in dialogue with each other.

Did I give too many As?!

Let me start by saying this was the best class I’ve ever taught and the students were extra ordinarily dedicated. Many are education majors destined to teach in NYC public schools. I’m deeply impress with them all and I’m also realizing that teaching Roman art (material culture) gives me even more joy than teaching history courses (and let me tell you I love teaching Roman history!!).

As an educator, I’m deeply committed to treating my students fairly and sticking to my word, especially about something so meaningful as grades. This semester was a new prep and thus I had to imagine a new grading structure appropriate to goals of the course and its content. I decided on 54% examination (proof of learning, command of information), and 46% participatory assignment (low and high stakes activities that took meaningful effort and were graded on degree of engagement). I also have a policy of accepting a wide variety of activities and assignments submissions as means of earning additional points or making up missed work. No late penalties.

Yes I’m a big softy. BUT are these policies distorting student grades. I was worried perhaps I’d shifted too far away from grades being a meaningful reflection of learning. So….

As a proxy for ‘what if’ I calculated each student’s grades based on exams alone and then compared that with the real grades they earned according the rules set out in the syllabus.

For exactly 50% of the students the participation gave them no advantage or disadvantage over the grade they would have gotten if I’d just awarded grades based on exams. 95% of these students who experienced no GPA change would have gotten an A or A+ in the course on exams alone. 32% of that 50% (so 16% of the class) did shift from A to A+, an honorary distinction with no effect on GPA. Two students who did A+ work on the exams only earned A- grades because their scores on (lack of engagement with) participation assignments, but I can live with that.

My takeaway is that perhaps for the needs of the top half of the class I may need to refine my exam writing to better differentiate levels of learning.

What my policy did do is shift weaker test-takers into a higher grade position. The average change was .7 GPA points. (when there was a change) That’s a B to an A- for instance. If you take the class average, my policies overall averaged about a .3 GPA point increase, that’s a B to a B+.

estimated GPA “increase”% of Students
.311%
.43%
.711%
116%
1.33%
1.73%

Generally speaking, I feel good about rewarding students for active learning be it in class activities or museum visits. They teach how to look at images, how to take notes, and that it is not enough to ‘know’ — one also has to engage with the material.

So yeah. I gave a LOT of As and may refine my points structure slightly, esp. on exams, but I think I’ll keep my approach to open ended points. Why close the door on learning when it is helping lift up the students who struggle most?

Fantasy Pieces

Typically when fantasy coins of Roman republican theme are discussed the citation given is mid nineteenth century, a less than 3 page note in NC. I give it in full below. It does not use the term ‘fantasy’. The term seems popular in 20th century numismatic periodicals targeted at collectors, not peer-reviewed scholarly journals. Most of the types discussed are modern in inspiration as well as manufacture. There are of course exceptions, often religiously motivated ones (one example).

If you know things I should read on false or fantasy Roman republican themed pieces please do let me know. This is a sustained interest of mine. I don’t count in this category the Dassier RR series (a favorite of mine!) for all it may have fed a similar market or the Becker pieces as that seems more to be true forgeries. I’m looking for more along the Paduan line. Of educated knowing imitations. Just like what Bunbury discussed.

Do you have images you think belong here? I’m not looking dispute any coin’s legitimacy, but rather collect those where others have already made a statement that the specimen (type?) is a fantasy.

Bunbury, E. H. “False Denarii of Labienus and Others.” The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Numismatic Society 8 (1868): 177–79. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42680462.

This note came with no images. Let’s rectify that.

L. Catilina! Flying Elephant! last(?) auctioned 2022
Cleopatra Selene! Crocodile! Bilingual! Last(?) auctioned 2007
Scipio Africanus derived from early didrachms! overstruck on real denarius! last(?) auctioned 2020 and other example

Classification is difficult… Would this even count?!

Caesar “mule”, Aeneas and Elephant, last(?) auctioned 2015
L. Antonius quinarius with crossed fasces! and scepter! last auctioned 2020. I wonder what the DER SON was mean and the thing called an altar by the sales catalogue is a throne like that often shown with a thunderbolt. It is related to the iconography of the so-called pulvinar of Antonine coinages showing Commodus and his brother as infants enthroned (provincial, imperial).

The Scipio Africanus and Catalina denarii remind me of the same sort of ‘these coins should exist’ logic of the Cocles ‘restoration’ coins made under Trajan:


Stephen Minnoch provided a link in the comments to content that is relevant. I am adding screenshots to archive it here. It parallels nicely the Caesar fantasy above.

Prizes

Wikimedia image of Piazza Armerina Mosaic (Villa Casale)
Detail of same with skew removed in photoshop

The prize crowns and palms on a table will be familiar to numismatists familiar with Roman provincial coinage (relevant results from RPC Online).

The bags of money are less common. Even more tantalizing is the writing on the bags. The line above multiplies the number by 1000. X with a horizontal line is regularly used as the symbol for the denarius on Diocletian’s price edict in both Latin and Greek versions and comes before the numeral. The edict is roughly the same date as the mosaics.

Aphrodisias fragment
Detail of Aigeira fragment

The lower case d with a line a the top is another figure I don’t immediately recognize. A puzzle for tomorrow, but one I feel sure will make me slap my forehead as soon as see the answer.

The unit of account for Diocletian’s Price Edict was the denarius, not the ‘denarius communis’ a fiction (not unlike the so-called aes signatum). See Jones 2017 who demonstrates the term was created by Lépaulle in 1888. In fact even the name of the Edict is a 19th century creation:

From Prantl 2011.

I find myself again wanting to read more MHC:

Michael Crawford, Diocletian’s edict of maximum prices at the Civil Basilica in Aphrodisias. Aphrodisias, 13. Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2023. Pp. 260. ISBN 9783752006858. (BMCR review)

On ILL order:

Burnett, Charles, ‘The Palaeography of Numerals’, in Frank T. Coulson, and Robert G. Babcock (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Latin Palaeography (2020; online edn, Oxford Academic, 10 Nov. 2020), https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195336948.013.96,

Now, I really should put in some pictures of coins.

In trade
In trade

In both the coins above we see the motif of five circles usually described as apples but I do wonder if that if a firm attestation or if they might be coins. We also see in the second of the two, the one with only one crown, a small purse on the table next to the crown. Or so it is traditionally identified. On the specimen below you can see two purses looking more like purses under the table flanking the prize vase.

In trade

Why does teaching prep have to be so distracting?!